However, body ownership displayed a positive relationship with perceived pain. This effect was modified by body ownership, where high levels reinforced the analgesic effect. These results suggested that the feeling of transparency in their limb favored the decrease in perceived pain. An increase in limb opacity decreased the perception of pain, which, in turn, increased the feeling of transparency. The participants were given an electrical stimulus to assess their subjective perception of pain intensity. Simultaneously, their sense of ownership of the limb decreased, because they felt that it no longer belonged to their body. Using a questionnaire, we confirmed that the participants perceived their limb as transparent. Using augmented reality technology, we made the participants’ limbs transparent and analyzed changes in body representation. Thus, the current study investigated the relationship between transparency of body representation and pain perception. However, whether the perception of a stimulus can be modified by manipulating body representation remains largely unexplored. Many studies on body representation intend to change the perceived size, material, and structure of the body. In line with the stress-related model of depersonalization, those neurotransmitter systems of relevance to depersonalization are known to play important inhibitory roles in the regulation of the stress response. Similarly, the use of clonazepam, particularly in conjunction with SSRI antidepressants, appears to be beneficial in patients with high levels of background anxiety. However, open-label trials suggest that its use as an add-on treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is beneficial in a substantial number of patients. In spite of initial expectations, the use of lamotrigine as a sole medication has not been found useful. For example, a number of studies suggest that opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and naloxone are useful in at least a subgroup of patients. Fortunately, a few promising lines of pharmacological treatment have emerged in recent years, although more rigorous studies are needed. Depersonalization remains a condition for which no definitive treatment exists, and for which conventional medications, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics, have been found to be of little value. In DPD, such a response would become chronic and dysfunctional. Such a mechanism would ensure the preservation of adaptive behavior, during situations normally associated with overwhelming and potentially disorganizing anxiety. Such findings are in line with a model which suggests that the condition is generated by an anxiety-triggered, 'hard-wired' inhibitory response to threat. Several neurobiological studies in the last decade have shown that patients have suppressed limbic activation to emotional stimuli. Depersonalization disorder (DPD) is a chronic and distressing condition with a prevalence in the general population between 0.8 and 2%.
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